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 Almuce and Amice

 ALMUCE, or AMICE (O. Fr. aumuce, O. Eng. aumuce, amys, amess, &c., from late Lat. almucia, almucium, armucia. &c.), a hooded cape of fur, or fur-lined, worn as a choir vestment by certain dignitaries of the Western Church.  The origin of the word almucium is a philological mystery.  The al- is probably the Arabic article, since the word originated in the south (Sicilian almuziu, Prov.  almussa, Span. almucio, &c.), but the derivation of the second part of the word from a supposed old Teutonic term for cap---Ger. Mutze, Dutch Mutsche, Scot. mutch (New Eng. Dict. s. “Amice”; Diez, Worterbuch der rom.  Sprachen) --is the exact reverse of the truth.  The almuce was originally a head-covering only, worn by the clergy, but adopted also by the laity, and the German word Mutze, “cap,” is later than the introduction of the almuce in church, and is derived from it (M. H. G., 13^th century, almutz; 14^th century, armuz, aremuz, &c.; 15^th century, mutz, mutze, &c.).  The word mulzen, to dock, cut off, which first appears in the 14^th century, does not help much, though the name of another vestment akin to the almuce---the mozzetta---has been by some traced to it through the Ital. mozzare and mozzo (but see below).

In numerous documents from the 12^th to the 15^th century the almucium is mentioned, occasionally as identical with the hood, but more often as a sort of cap distinct from it, e.g. in the decrees of the council of Sens (1485)---non caputia, sed almucia vel bireta tenentes in capito.  By the 14^th century two types of almucium were distinguished:

(1)  a cap coming down just over the ears; (2) a hood-like cap falling over the back and shoulders.  This latter was reserved for the more important canons, and was worn over surplice or rochet in choir.  The introduction. of the biretta (q.v.) in the 15^th century tended to replace the use of the almuce as a head-covering, and the hood now became smaller, while the cape was enlarged till in some cases it fell below the elbows.  Another form of almuce at this period covered the back. but was cut away at the shoulders so as to leave the arms free, while in front it was elongated into two stole-like ends.  Almuces were occasionally made of silk or wool, but from the 13^th century onward usually of fur, the hem being sometimes fringed with tails.  Hence they were known in England as “grey amices” (from the ordinary colour of the fur), to distinguish them from the liturgical amice (q.v..) By the 16^th century the almuce had become definitely established as the distinctive choir vestment Of canons; but it had ceased to have any practical use, and was often only carried over the left arm as a symbol of office.  The almuce has now been almost entirely superseded by the mozzetta, but it is still worn at some cathedrals in France, e.g. Amiens and Chartres, at three churches in Rome, and in certain cathedrals elsewhere in Italy.  The “grey amice” of the canons of St Paul’s at London was put down in 1549, the academic hood being substituted.  It was again put down in 1559, and was finally forbidden to the clergy of the English Church by the unratified canons of 1571 (Report of the sub-committee of Convocation, 1908).

See du Cauge, Glossarium, s. “Almucia”; Joseph Braun, Die liturgische Gewandung, p. 359, &c. (Freiburg im Breisgau, 1907).

AMICE (earlier forms: amyt, amys, O. Fr. amit, Lat.  amictus, from amicire, to throw or wrap round, the change of t to s being probably due to an early confusion with the aumuce: see ALMUCE), a liturgical vestment of the Western Church.  It is a rectangular piece of cloth which is wrapped round the neck, shoulders and breast.  Sometimes, more particularly in Germany, it is called the humerale (from humerus, shoulder).  According to modern Roman use, laid down by the decree of the Congregation of Rites in 1819, the amice must be of linen or of a hempen material, not wool; and, as directed by the new Roman Missal (1570), a small cross must be sewn or embroidered in the middle of it.  In putting it on it is first laid on the head, then allowed to fall on the shoulders, and finally folded round the chest and tied with the strings attached for that purpose (see fig. 1). The amice is now worn under the alb, except at Milan and Lyons, where it is put on over it.  The vestment was at first a perfectly plain white cloth, but in the 12^th century the custom arose of decorating the upper border with a band of embroidery, the parure (parura) or “apparel.” This was abandoned at Rome about the end of the 15^th century and is not prescribed in the Missal; it survived, however, in many parts of Europe till much later.  This apparel, when the vestment has been adjusted, forms a sort of stiff collar which appears above the chasuble or dalmatic (see fig. 2). In some exceptional cases, as at Milan, it has become detached from the amice and is fixed like a collar to the chasuble.

The Latin word amictus was applied to any wrap-like garment, and, according to Father Braun, the liturgical amice originated in the ordinary neck-cloth worn by all classes of Romans.  It had at the outset no liturgical significance whatever, and was simply adopted by the clergy for the same reason that the clergy of the 18^th century wore wigs—because it was part of the full dress of ordinary life.  The first record of its ecclesiastical use is at Rome in the 8^th century, when it was worn only with the dalmatic and was known as the anabolagium (anagolaium, anagolagium, from Gr. anabolaion), a name it continued to bear at Rome till the 13^th century.  In the 9^th century it spread to the other countries that adopted the Roman use: it is mentioned in an inventory of vestments given by Abbot Angilbert (d. 814) to the monastery at Centula (St Riguier) and in the de clericorum institutione of Hrabanus Maurus (c. 820).  The amice was worn first simply as a shoulder-cloth, but at the end of the 9^th century the custom grew up of putting it on over the head and of wearing it as a hood, either while the other vestments were being put on or, according to the various uses of local churches, during part of the Mass, though never during the canon.  This ceased at Rome at the same time as the apparel disappeared; but two relics of it survive--(1) in the directions of the Missal for putting on the amice, (2) in the ordination of subdeacons, when the bishop lays the vestment on the ordinand’s head with the words, “Take the amice, which symbolizes discipline over the tongue, &c.” The priest too in putting it on prays, “Place on my head the helmet of salvation, &c.”

The amice, whatever its origin or symbolism, became specifically a vestment associated with the sacrifice of the Mass, and as such it was rejected with the other “Mass vestments” in England at the Reformation.  Its use has, however, been revived in many Anglican churches, the favourite form being the medieval apparelled amice. (See VESTMENTS.) A vestment akin to the amice is also worn in the Armenian and some other oriental churches, but it is unknown to the Orthodox Eastern Church.

Akin to the amice is a vestment peculiar to the popes, the fanone (Med.  Lat. fano, “cloth,” Goth. fana, “cloth,” Mod. Ger. Fahne, “a flag”), also called the orale (from ora, an edge, border).  This is at present a circular broad collar of two thicknesses of silk, ornamented with gold stripes and a gold- embroidered cross (see fig. 3). It is put on after the alb, &c., and under the tunicle, dalmatic and chasuble, but then drawn up so as to fall over the latter like a collar.  The fanone was originally a cloth like the amice and was wrapped round neck and shoulders; until the 15^th century, moreover, it was not worn with the amice.  Since then, however, both vestments have been worn, one under, the other over, the alb.  It is worn by the popes only on certain special days or occasions, and forms part of the vestments in which they are buried.